Satan represents evil and opposition to the divine, and appears in various forms across significant religions. The concept of Satan varies greatly, ranging from a fallen angel, a tempter to a symbol of chaos or the human ego. In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Satan is a tempter and adversary to God and humanity, although his role and autonomy vary. In religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism, the focus shifts toward internal temptations or cosmic dualities rather than an external malevolent being. Each tradition, however, recognizes the presence of challenges, obstacles, or forces to overcome in the journey toward righteousness, enlightenment, or salvation.
Zoroastrianism
In Zoroastrianism, the concept of evil is in Angra Mainyu (Ahriman), the destructive spirit who opposes Ahura Mazda, the supreme God of light and goodness. This dualism is central to Zoroastrian theology.
Angra Mainyu represents chaos, destruction, and falsehood, directly opposing Ahura Mazda, who represents truth and order. The cosmic struggle between these two forces shapes the universe's fate, with good eventually triumphing over evil.
The Avesta, the holy scripture of Zoroastrianism, contains hymns and teachings that discuss the battle between good and evil. Humans are encouraged to choose the path of truth and righteousness. "I choose to think good thoughts, speak good words, and do good deeds, thus siding with Ahura Mazda against Angra Mainyu."
Hinduism
In Hinduism, the concept of Satan as an evil, rebellious entity does not exist in the same way as in the Abrahamic religions. However, Hindu texts do describe Asuras(demonic or anti-god beings) who oppose the Devas (gods) and represent the forces of chaos, ignorance, and unrighteousness.
Asuras often symbolize the darker aspects of the mind—greed, anger, lust, and ego. They oppose Dharma (moral order) and the divine plan. Unlike Satan, Asuras are not fallen angels but part of the cosmic duality necessary for the balance of good and evil. Hindu epics such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana contain stories of asuras and rakshasas (demons) who challenge gods and heroes. However, these beings are part of the cosmic cycle and ultimately cannot triumph over Dharma.
In the Bhagavad Gita, the division between divine and demonic qualities is described, with the demonic being associated with egoism, violence, and delusion.
"Those who are demonic do not know what is to be done and what is not to be done." (Bhagavad Gita 16:7)
Buddhism
In Buddhism, there is no concept of Satan as a rebellious angel or an independent evil force. However, Mara plays a somewhat analogous role as the tempter who attempts to hinder the Buddha from attaining enlightenment. Mara symbolizes desire, death, and delusion—forces that keep beings trapped in the cycle of samsara (rebirth).
Mara is not inherently evil but rather the embodiment of temptation and distraction. He represents the mental obstacles to enlightenment, including ignorance, greed, and attachment.
Mara appears in several Buddhist texts, most notably during the story of the Buddha's enlightenment, where he tries to distract and dissuade the Buddha with fear, desire, and doubt.
"Mara, the Evil One, approached the Buddha and asked, 'Have you realized the truth?' But the Buddha remained unmoved and said, 'I know you, Mara.'"
Judaism
In Judaism, Satan (שָּׂטָן, "Shatan") is not an independent evil entity opposing God but instead, an agent or servant of God whose role is to test or accuse humans. Satan appears in the Hebrew Bible primarily in the Book of Job, where he acts as a prosecutor or accuser.
Satan is a figure who carries out God's will by testing the righteousness of human beings. He does not operate independently, but is under God's authority.
Satan is an adversary, but not an embodiment of evil.
In the Book of Job, Satan challenges God, asserting that Job is righteous only because of his blessings. God allows Satan to test Job's faith by afflicting him with suffering (Job 1-2).
2. Christianity
In Christianity, Satan is a fallen angel who rebelled against God and represents the ultimate source of evil. Known as Lucifer before his fall, Satan's role in Christian theology is to tempt humans, oppose God's will, and lead them into sin. He is the adversary of Christ and the bringer of spiritual death.
Satan is a deceiver, tempter, and the ruler of a demonic realm that stands in opposition to God. He stands with sin, temptation, and the spiritual downfall of humanity.
In Christian belief, Satan is a powerful but ultimately defeated foe of God. The Book of Revelation prophesies Satan's final defeat and eternal punishment.
"How you are fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! How you are cut down to the ground, you who weakened the nations!" (Isaiah 14:12)
"Your adversary, the devil, prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour." (1 Peter 5:8)
Islam
In Islam, Satan is Iblis (إبليس), a jinn who refused to bow to Adam out of arrogance and thrown out of heaven. Unlike in Christianity, where Satan is an angel, in Islam, Iblis is a jinn, a being created from smokeless fire. Satan's role in Islam is to tempt human beings and lead them away from God (Allah).
Iblis is a tempter seeking to mislead humans from righteousness and obedience to God. God gave him respite until the Day of Judgment to test humans, but ultimately, his power is limited to those who willingly follow him. In Islam, Satan does not have the power to compel humans to sin, but rather, he whispers and suggests evil.
The Qur'an presents Iblis as a figure who rejected God's command to honor Adam due to arrogance, and thus became the enemy of humankind. Iblis incites to sin, but individuals are ultimately responsible for their actions.
"He said, 'I am better than he: You created me from fire, and You created him from clay.' God said, 'Descend from Paradise, for it is not for you to be arrogant here.'" (Qur'an 7:12-13)
Sikhism
In Sikhism, the concept of Satan does not exist in the way it does in the Abrahamic faiths. However, the Five Thieves—lust, anger, greed, attachment, and ego—are the internal enemies that lead humans away from God. These are the root causes of suffering and spiritual downfall.
In Sikhism, the focus is not on an external evil force but on the internal tendencies that distance one from God and truth. Overcoming these tendencies through devotion, ethical living, and remembrance of God is vital to spiritual progress.
The Guru Granth Sahib, Sikhism's central religious text, emphasizes the importance of subduing the ego and the Five Thieves to achieve union with God. "Conquer your mind, and you shall conquer the world." (Guru Granth Sahib, Ang 6)